https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/military-expert-panel-report_sea-level-rise-and-the-us-militarys-mission_2nd-edition_02_2018.pdf
military-expert-panel-report_sea-level-rise-and-the-us-militarys-mission_2nd-edition_02_2018
https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/military-expert-panel-report_sea-level-rise-and-the-us-militarys-mission_2nd-edition_02_2018.pdf
military-expert-panel-report_sea-level-rise-and-the-us-militarys-mission_2nd-edition_02_2018
FIRE MAKERS Set to Burn Us Up
Santa Ana Winds BLOW
FIRES to Burn ALL the Way to the OCEAN
California Fire Season Starts!
9-16-19
NOTE: FIRES are PLANNED “EVERYWHERE” Not Only in California
To Verify You Need to Look at the Climate Action Plan that has ALREADY been adopted in your town.
For More Information go to StopTheCrime.net and watch the
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https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2019/09/16/540074.htm
Santa Ana Winds Return to California Bringing Wildfire DangerThe Santa Ana winds have returned to California, a signal to the state’s residents that the wildfire season has begun in earnest.
The winds are created by high pressure over Nevada’s Great Basin as cool weather starts to arrive in the Fall. Low pressure systems in warmer California pull them along, and as they flow through the Sierra Nevadas and other ranges, twisting their way through narrow passes and canyons, they heat up, lose moisture and gain speed.
Let’s be clear – this article omits the facts of weather weapons. We are heavily sprayed overhead with fresh accelerants aka geoengineering, aka chemtrails just prior to fires being intentionally set.
The article continues: Once they hit California, their low humidity and high heat can quickly turn the bushy chaparral into an explosive fuel source. It’s part of the reason that California accounted for 92% of all insured wildfire losses in the U.S. from 2008 to 2018, according to insurer Munich Re. Colorado was second with 3%.
Manipulated weather to induce high wind speeds:
“The high winds cause the fires to spread incredibly rapidly,” according to Mark Bove, a natural catastrophe solutions manager at Munich Re. In some cases, he said, they have burned at the equivalent of “one football field per minute,” driven by the wind.
They also “cause more severe types of fire behavior,” Bove said, spurring “fire tornadoes or whirls” where the blazes move speedily from the ground to the tree tops.
In 2018, this behavior helped feed 6,284 fires that destroyed 876,147 acres in the state, while the so-called Camp Fire alone killed 86 people, making it the deadliest wildfire in state history. In response, California has set aside $1 billion for fire-prevention, and set up a $21 billion insurance fund to pay for future blazes sparked by utility company equipment.
Long known as Santa Anna winds in Southern California, similar winds are called “diablos” in northern California. Whatever the name, the winds have haven’t been a good combination with California’s local utilities.
Utilities run by Rothschild LLC and associates.
A series of wind-driven fires sparked by PG&E Corp. equipment forced the utility to seek bankruptcy protection in January. The company said it faced liabilities of $30 billion or more from claims tied to the fires that destroyed tens of thousands of structures and killed more than 100 people.
So far this year, wildfires haven’t done the level of damage seen in previous years. Through Sept. 8, 3,993 fires have burned about 36,683 in the state, substantially below the 271,740 five-year average, according to the California Department of Forestry & Fire Protection.
But much is at stake: Across California, 240,580 homes remain at extreme risk from fires, according to a new study from CoreLogic, a property data company in Irvine, California.
“During the Santa Anas, the hottest temperatures can be right at the ocean,” said Eric Boldt, warning coordination meteorologist for the National Weather Service in Los Angeles. “That is why these fires can burn all the way to the ocean.”
Remember to watch the YouTube video “Coastlines Under Attack”.
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https://geology.com/records/biggest-tsunami.shtml
The tallest wave ever recorded was a local tsunami in Lituya Bay, Alaska on July 9 … The wave hit with such power that it swept completely over the spur of land that ….. Lituya Bay should be considered as a dangerous body of water prone to a …
Integrating Sea-Level Rise Adaptation into Planning Policies in the Coastal Zone
Isaac BOATENG, United Kingdom
1. INTRODUCTION
There is increased scientific understanding and a very high confidence of the dangers and impacts of climate change on natural ecosystem, managed and human systems and the capacity of these systems to adapt to their vulnerability. The biggest danger, many experts warn, is that climate change will cause sea levels to rise increasingly rapidly. The Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report, published in 2007, has the following projections: temperature is likely to rise between 1.1oC and 6.4oC by 2099 and sea level likely to rise between 0.18m – 0.59m by 2099. Arctic summer sea ice may disappear by the second half of the century; increase in heatwaves is very likely and increase in tropical storm intensity likely, the latter being likely to cause severe problems for tropical developing countries. Walsh et al (2004) indicated that although scientific evidence for future sea-level rise seems convincing, the available estimates of future sea-level rise are not sufficient for planning purposes because of high uncertainties. However, the IPCC, (2007) report concluded that there is a greater certainty (at least 90% certain) that human emissions of greenhouse gases rather than natural variations are warming the planet’s surface and most likely to cause sea level to rise.
Nicholls, et al (2007) acknowledged that since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), our understanding of the implications of the climate change for coastal systems and low-lying areas has increased substantially and the level of uncertainty has reduced considerably. Six highly confident coastal planning policy-related facts that emerged from the IPCC 2007 report are:
present-day human development pattern and trends.
TS 3F – Coastal Zone Administration
Isaac Boateng
Integrating Sea-Level Rise Adaptation into Planning Policies in the Coastal Zone
Integrating Generations
FIG Working Week 2008 Stockholm, Sweden 14-19 June 2008
2/22
The possible impacts of sea-level rise on the coastal zone include:
These impacts coupled with increased temperature, rainfall and storm associated with climate change could cause severe impacts to coastal developments, resources and the coastal economies. Such impact on coastal economies will go a long way to affect the global economy, since every country, including landlocked countries, depend on the coast in some form. It must be noted, that the extent of the impact of sea-level rise on countries depends on many factors including:
hinterland, landlocked countries in times of climate hazards.
3.1 Climate change adaptation strategies
McCulloch, et al (2002) categorised climate change adaptation strategies as follows:
losses as they occur;
losses over different systems or populations (this is how insurance works);
climate, and substitute other activities; and
location.
One negative impact of protective structures is the “knock-on effect”. Seawalls for instance almost always cause terminal scour (out flanking) downdrift. Groynes also may succeed in trapping sediment updrift and cause starvation (erosion) of sediment downdrift and possibly lead to the continuous construction of expensive groynes or other forms of protective structure along the entire coastline.
“Soft” engineering methods such a beach replenishment or artificial breakwaters are used increasingly amongst developed countries and offer opportunities to avoid some of the problems associated with hard structures (e.g. Hamm et al. 2002). However, these techniques do require better technical knowledge and continued monitoring for effective performance. However, in spite of the short-comings of the protection policy, it may still be the best sea level rise adaptation policy depending on the values of properties along the coastline, the cultural heritage of the local people as well as the contribution of the vulnerable coastal resources to the local and national economy.
The Accommodation policy implies that people continue to occupy the land but make some adjustments to properties and activities. The policy involves: redesigning of structures (e.g. elevating buildings and strengthening foundations) to minimise impact of flooding and; zoning and proper land use policy to encourage only low capital investments on vulnerable lands; soft approaches like dyke opening, wetland renewal, dune rehabilitation and beach re- feeding to enhance natural resilience; drainage modifications for built up areas that might become inundated; growing flood or salt-tolerant crops; and storm warning, preparedness and evacuation schemes.
Accommodation allows wetlands and other natural coastal features to migrate inland through wash-over and tends not to result in the environmental problems that can occur with protection. It reduces risks without the expense of full protection, but it does not completely reduce risk. Indeed, substantial risks can remain if measures are not implemented carefully (e.g. storm warnings available, but communications with rural areas are poor and without education of local populations) appropriate reactions may not be made. Because of the problem of significant residual risks these methods alone may not be suitable for densely populated cities and centres of economic activity. However, the measures can be implemented at community level and may be suited to developing countries supported by appropriate technical guidance.
Retreat involves either only a partial, or perhaps no attempt to protect the land from the sea. In an extreme case, the coastal area is abandoned and coastal landforms and ecosystems are allowed to shift landwards. This policy option is recommended for highly vulnerable coastlines, where the market cost and/or technical difficulty of protecting the coast far exceeds the benefits of providing protection. To be effective, vulnerable populations and infrastructure need to be shifted away from hazardous zones. The potential benefits of this policy include savings on cost of defences, habitat and wetland conservation and maintain aesthetic value of the coast. The opportunity cost of obtaining these benefits includes loss of land, properties, heritage and payment of high compensations.
Effective organised retreat, rather than simply doing nothing, does require planning and organisation within a strong governmental framework and does assume that land is available to support displaced populations. Implementation requires legislation and regulations that prevent development and possibly settlement on vulnerable coastal lands and properties. It may involve public education, taxation, insurance and zoning policies. In fact, in areas where reliable data on historical rate of shoreline recession are available, a setback distance may be fixed based on predicted rate of recession into the future. The success of this policy depends on the ease with which vulnerable communities can be resettled inland which in developed countries appears conditional on the willingness of government and local authorities to pay compensation. In developing countries this may not be possible due to inadequate funding to provide housing and the payment of compensation.
3.3 The Process of Coastal Adaptation
Klein and Nicholls (1999) argue, that the adaptation polices proposed by Biljsma et al.(1996) have not necessarily been effective in assessing the wide range of technical, institutional, economic, and cultural elements in different localities. Indeed, they observed that the methodology could be limited by a protection-oriented response rather than consideration of the full range of adaptation options. Klein et al. (2000) argued that successful coastal adaptation embraces more than just selecting one of the technical options to respond to sea- level rise; it is a more complex and iterative process, with a series of policy cycles. They identified four steps which can be distinguished in the process of coastal adaptation. The four steps are:
Another sea level rise adaptation policy that has gained much attention in the UK and perhaps other coastal countries is the Shoreline Management Plan (SMP). It is a plan that identifies one coastal defence strategy for a specific length of coastline (a “management Unit”) and for a defined period of time, typically up to 50 years. The first plans were prepared to cover the coast of England and Wales in 1993. The guidance for SMP has been extensively reviewed since 1993. The latest SMP guidance was published by Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in 2006. DEFRA, (2006) SMP guidance outlined four strategic coastal defence/adaptation policy options to deal with effects of sea-level rise. They are:
– Managed Realignment: where there is a potential long-term technical and environmental benefit.
– No active intervention: vast flood risk areas where there is limited potential benefit from controlled inundation.
It must be noted here that the key to successful application of DEFRA strategic coastal defence options is based on sound understanding of coastal processes and the involvement of stakeholders to ascertain potential hazards, vulnerability, resilience and risk to the environmental and economic resources of a given coastal system. The duration for the application of a strategic coastal defence option to an area could be a short-term (20years), a medium-term (30years) and a long term (50years) period. DEFRA believe that to minimise future risk is to encourage fully engagement of local people and planning authorities to ensure that the adaptation plan is link to and inform Regional Spatial Planning Strategies and Local Development Frameworks. This will help to ensure that inappropriate development does not take place in areas that are at risk of flooding or erosion either now or in the future.
In the context of coastal erosion, managed retreat (also managed realignment) allows an area that was not previously exposed to flooding by the sea to become flooded by removing coastal protection. This process is usually in low-lying estuarine areas and almost always involves flooding of land that has at some point in the past been claimed from the sea.
In the UK, managed retreat is often a response to sea level rise exacerbated by local subsidence of the land surface due to post-glacial isostatic rebound in the north.
Managed retreat – the relocation of homes and infrastructure under threat from coastal flooding – is one of the few policy options available for coastal communities facing long-term risks from accelerated sea level rise. At present, little is known about how the Australian public perceives policy options to mitigate sea level rise risks. This paper explores a range of different decision-making criteria used to assess a managed retreat scheme. A metatheoretical social functionalist framework is used to make sense of personal concerns elicited from an online survey asking respondents to consider a managed retreat scheme. The framework proposes that people can act intuitively as scientists, economists, politicians, prosecutors and theologians, when considering a complex topic such as managed retreat policy. The research found that the survey respondents are more likely to consider the topic of managed retreat from multiple functional perspectives than from a single functional perspective. The type of social functionalist frameworks that people used to assess the Conditional Occupancy Rights scheme was found to be influenced by their perceptions of sea level rise risk. The findings have implications for public debates about the long-term risks of sea level rise and for engaging with the community about managed retreat policy options.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640568.2011.604193
Sea level rise (SLR) is expected, even without greenhouse gas emissions. As SLR is inevitable, adapting to its impacts has received increasing attention, and local governments are the key actors in this emerging agenda. This study indicates that adaptation planning for SLR should be integrated into two local major planning mechanisms in the United States: the local comprehensive plans and hazard mitigation plans. By evaluating 36 plans from 15 US coastal cities that are considered at high risk and vulnerable to rising sea levels, the results demonstrate that SLR is widely identified, but the overall quality of the plans to address it requires significant improvement. A detailed table of selected plans’ characteristics is also provided as a lens on how localities tackle this challenging issue. The paper concludes with planning suggestions for coastal communities to better adapt to SLR.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640568.2016.1151771?src=recsys&journalCode=cjep20
Los Angeles’s Venice Beach could lose $450 million in tourism revenue by 2100 with a 1.4 m SLR scenario while San Francisco’s Ocean Beach would lose $80 million, but the impacts to structures could total nearly $560 million at Ocean Beach compared to $50 million at Venice Beach.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640568.2014.985291?src=recsys&journalCode=cjep20